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Lizzi C. Lee

The idea of a token economy is gaining traction. The concept is still nascent, loosely defined and easy to dismiss as just another piece of artificial intelligence jargon. It is no surprise Chinese policymakers are quick to jump on the bandwagon. But in the Chinese context, there is a more concrete policy logic that deserves attention.
It reflects an emerging attempt to reframe how energy, infrastructure and digital services interact, and in doing so, how China positions itself in the next phase of the global AI competition.
According to official estimates, China’s daily token consumption has reached 140 trillion, up from roughly 100 billion just two years earlier – a striking scale of growth. More importantly, the way China embeds the concept in policy suggests it is becoming part of the economic system it seeks to describe. This fits into a broader policy narrative.
Under the AI Plus framework, Beijing is working to embed AI across industries. At the China Development Forum last month, the National Data Administration head described tokens – the smallest computational unit in a large language model – as the “value anchor” and a “settlement unit” connecting supply and demand in the AI era.
But the push is closely tied to the long-standing ambition of regional economic rebalancing. For decades, China’s western regions have functioned primarily as energy suppliers to the more industrialised east. Coal, hydropower, wind and solar power, all sent over long distances at very low margins. The token economy is an effort to upgrade these inland regions.
The economics are straightforward. Electricity accounts for more than half the costs in data centre operations. Western China benefits from structurally lower power costs due to its abundant resources. So when that electricity is converted into computing power and then into AI services, the resulting output can command significantly higher prices than the energy input.


This effort builds on initiatives such as “Eastern Data, Western Computing”, which aim to relocate energy-intensive computing to the interior while keeping latency-sensitive services closer to users. What is new with the token economy is the monetisation layer.
These regions are generating units of computation integrated into global digital services, indirectly exporting China’s electricity as Chinese AI models are adopted. A user interacting with a Chinese AI model, for example may be indirectly drawing on computing power generated in a remote inland data centre.
This is where China sees an opportunity. As AI systems scale up, global energy constraints are becoming increasingly visible. Training and running models require enormous, stable power supplies. Here, China’s access to low-cost energy and its ability to efficiently convert energy into computation is a key advantage. China’s integrated grid and rapid renewable buildout also give it a different starting point from the United States or Europe, where energy and data infrastructure remain more fragmented.
Chinese companies are taking action. China’s leading AI giants have reorganised parts of their cloud and AI businesses around token usage. Specific strategies differ, but they converge on a shared premise: tokens, rather than compute capacity per se, should be the key unit and organising principle of the AI business.
This shift is partly driven by the rise of agentic AI, which consumes tokens at far higher rates than chatbots. As AI applications become more complex, token usage will only grow exponentially.


Some have begun describing tokens as the oil of the AI economy. Like oil, tokens are an intermediate input underpinning a wide range of economic activities. They are measurable, tradeable and tied to underlying resources. Most importantly, they offer a way to monetise physical inputs through layers of technological transformation.
But the oil analogy is incomplete. Tokens are measurable and scalable but unlike oil, they are not inherently scarce or uniform. This points to some of the risks behind the token economy hype.
Token consumption is a proxy for activity, but it does not directly capture the real value of such activities. A surge in token usage may reflect genuine productivity gains – or inefficiencies and redundancy. This distinction matters for China’s western regions. Their comparative advantage lies in low-cost energy and large-scale deployment, which aligns more naturally with the production of lower-value tokens.
There are also technical constraints. Improvements in fibre networks and distributed computing have reduced transmission delays, but physical limits remain. Some workloads cannot tolerate even modest latency and must be located close to users, placing a ceiling on how much computational demand can be exported.


While data centres proliferate in the western regions, much of the innovation capacity is concentrated in coastal cities. Chip design, model architecture and commercial developments are still driven by companies and research institutions in coastal hubs, which capture the higher end of the AI value chain. Western regions function primarily as providers of computational capacity, not the main centres of growth and prosperity. The token economy model may boost value thanks to surging AI demand, but bridging the economic gap will require sustained investment.
There are also questions about sustainability. Data centres require not just electricity but also land, water and cooling infrastructure. Large-scale deployment still faces environmental trade-offs.
Even so, the direction is clear. China is seeking to move up the value chain by reworking its strengths in infrastructure and energy for the AI era. At its core, China’s ambition is to turn places long seen as peripheral – its inland energy hubs – into central nodes in the global AI economy. The token economy is one attempt to link those strengths to emerging global demand in new technologies.


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Export of tokens not only embeds China’s energy advantage into global AI systems, it pulls the value chain deeper into the country’s interior


Export of tokens not only embeds China’s energy advantage into global AI systems, it pulls the value chain deeper into the country’s interior.


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China’s AI token drive is really about upgrading inland economies

.css-1c6uqr6{color:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-family:inherit;line-height:inherit;overflow-wrap:break-word;}Export of tokens not only embeds China’s energy advantage into global AI systems, it pulls the value chain deeper into the country’s interior

Export of tokens not only embeds China’s energy advantage into global AI systems, it pulls the value chain deeper into the country’s interior