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Jevans Nyabiage

For decades, resource-rich African nations operated on a straightforward pit-to-ship model whereby foreign operators extracted raw ore, loaded it onto cargo ships and exported it abroad, leaving producer countries with little to show for it.
Today, nations such as Zimbabwe, Namibia, Mozambique, Ghana and Guinea are dismantling that system – by banning exports of raw materials and enforcing local processing rules.
These measures force international mining firms, including Chinese companies, to invest billions of dollars in domestic processing plants.
Now, instead of simply shipping out ore, Chinese firms are building local facilities to transform Zimbabwean lithium into its sulphate or carbonate forms, Guinean bauxite into alumina, and Mozambican graphite into battery materials.

According to Carlos Lopes, a professor at the University of Cape Town’s Nelson Mandela School of Public Governance, the shift runs far deeper than resource processing.
“China increasingly sees Africa as one of the few remaining large-scale spaces where industrial expansion, urbanisation, infrastructure deployment and consumer growth can still unfold simultaneously over decades,” he said.
The continent was becoming less a peripheral supplier and more a strategic hub between fractured economic blocs, Lopes said, with Chinese firms more likely to localise where governments ensured policy clarity, reliable energy, domestic demand and regional scale.
“Bans on unprocessed exports will not necessarily deter investment,” he said, adding that the African countries imposing the bans could actually improve investment quality by forcing longer-term commitments.
However, these policies were only successful when states possessed negotiating discipline and institutional coherence, Lopes warned – otherwise, bans risked becoming blunt instruments that fuelled smuggling, policy volatility and elite rent-seeking.

Moving up the value chain
Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt subsidiary Prospect Lithium Zimbabwe began exporting its first consignments of lithium sulphate in April from its US$400 million plant in Goromonzi, near Harare.
This is helping Zimbabwe move higher up the value chain than the raw spodumene and petalite concentrates previously shipped to China ahead of a full export ban next year.
Huayou’s plant has an annual capacity of 50,000 tonnes operating at 60 per cent, and is set to reach full capacity by next year.
Other Chinese operators to have set up lithium processing facilities include Sinomine Resource Group at the Bikita mine and Chengxin Lithium Group at the Sabi Star mine.
During a tour of the facility last month, Zimbabwean Mines Minister Polite Kambamura hailed the production of lithium sulphate as a landmark for local beneficiation and clean energy storage.
“We will rest only after we can produce … lithium batteries and solar panels,” Kambamura told reporters, noting plans to complete a lithium carbonate plant by August 2026.
Aly-Khan Satchu, a sub-Saharan Africa geoeconomic analyst, said it was a “no-brainer” for Chinese firms to set up manufacturing bases in Africa, arguing that in an increasingly adversarial Chinese-US relationship, “indigenising Chinese businesses in Africa and riding the wave of beneficiation is a win-win”.
He added that Chinese companies already had strong local knowledge and a first-mover advantage on the continent.

Similarly, Guinea has moved to curb raw mineral exports and enforce local processing. Beyond the colonial-era Fria plant operated by Russia’s Rusal, major firms have committed to billion-US dollar projects, with three modern alumina refineries under way, including projects by China’s Chalco and State Power Investment Corporation in Boffa, with Singapore’s Winning Consortium present in Dobali.
The Guinean mines minister, Bouna Sylla, said in an interview in Conakry last year that the West African nation was shifting towards domestic processing, calling raw material exports economically unsustainable.
“We are the biggest bauxite producer in the world, but we don’t have a refinery,” Sylla said. The government is enforcing mining agreements to mandate local refining capacity, enabling Guinea to capture by-products like gallium lost during raw exports.
“We import aluminium while we produce the raw material. It’s not normal,” Sylla said.
The ultimate goal is local aluminium production, but success hinges on securing affordable power.
In Mozambique, Jinan Yuxiao Group invested US$200 million through its subsidiary DH Mining Development to construct a major graphite processing plant in Nipepe, with an annual capacity of 200,000 tonnes.
In April, Mozambique’s President Daniel Chapo visited Beijing, where the local processing of minerals was one of the key issues discussed.


A similar model is being replicated in Namibia, a uranium-rich nation whose president visited Beijing last month to court Chinese investment in local processing and value addition.
President Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah’s delegation sought China’s support to develop local uranium processing and enrichment capabilities, building on facilities such as the Husab mine, operated by China General Nuclear Power Group.
Linda Calabrese, a senior research fellow at ODI, a London-based global think tank, said Chinese firms co-located processing near African resources because it made economic sense or because they were required to do so.
A second driver, she said, was “neutral hub” or tariff-arbitrage logic, whereby Chinese investment bypassed Western trade barriers.
That space is narrowing, according to Calabrese, as the US tightens rules-of-origin tests and applies stricter scrutiny to facilities with significant Chinese ownership – with the European Union moving in a similar direction.
The onus is on African exporters to use this window to build industrial capabilities that attract future manufacturing investment before trade barriers harden further.
“The most strategically interesting bet is Chinese investment oriented towards African and other emerging-market demand rather than re-export to rich countries,” Calabrese said.
She added that as intra-African demand scaled up through the African Continental Free Trade Area, “Chinese firms positioning themselves to serve that demand from African bases are making a longer-term bet that is less vulnerable to Western trade policy shifts.”


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Countries including Zimbabwe and Guinea are ending the pit-to-ship model that saw them exporting raw minerals with limited local gains


Countries including Zimbabwe and Guinea are ending the pit-to-ship model that saw them exporting raw minerals with limited local gains.


How Africa is becoming a ‘strategic hub’ for Chinese industrial expansion

.css-1c6uqr6{color:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-family:inherit;line-height:inherit;overflow-wrap:break-word;}Countries including Zimbabwe and Guinea are ending the pit-to-ship model that saw them exporting raw minerals with limited local gains

Countries including Zimbabwe and Guinea are ending the pit-to-ship model that saw them exporting raw minerals with limited local gains